Several principles of bloodless surgery have been published.^[12]

Preoperative techniques such as erythropoietin (EPO) or iron administration are designed to stimulate the patient’s own erythropoiesis.

In surgery, control of bleeding is achieved with the use of laser or sonic scalpels, minimally invasive surgical techniques, electrosurgery and electrocautery, low central venous pressure anesthesia (for select cases), or suture ligation of vessels.^[13] Other methods include the use of blood substitutes, which at present do not carry oxygen but expand the volume of the blood to prevent shock. Blood substitutes which do carry oxygen, such as PolyHeme, are also under development.^{[contradictory]} Many doctors view acute normovolemic hemodilution, a form of storage of a patient’s own blood, as a pillar of “bloodless surgery” but the technique is not an option for patients who refuse autologous blood transfusions.

Intraoperative blood salvage is a technique which recycles and cleans blood from a patient during an operation and redirects it into the patient’s body.

Postoperatively, surgeons seek to minimize further blood loss by continuing administration of medications to augment blood cell mass and minimizing the number of blood draws and the quantity of blood drawn for testing, for example, by using pediatric blood tubes for adult patients.^[13] HBOC’s such as Polyheme and Hemepure have been discontinued due to severe adverse reactions including death. South Africa was the only country where they were legally authorized as standard treatment but they are no longer available.